35 results
Radiation necrosis of the bone, cartilage or cervical soft-tissues following definitive high-precision radio(chemo)therapy for head-neck cancer: an uncommon and under-reported phenomenon
- T Gupta, G Maheshwari, S Gudi, A Chatterjee, R Phurailatpam, K Prabhash, A Budrukkar, S Ghosh-Laskar, J P Agarwal
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 136 / Issue 5 / May 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 November 2021, pp. 447-453
- Print publication:
- May 2022
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Background
The impact of modern high-precision conformal techniques on rare but highly morbid late complications of head and neck radiotherapy, such as necrosis of the bone, cartilage or soft-tissues, is not well described.
MethodMedical records of head and neck cancer patients treated in prospective clinical trials of definitive high-precision radiotherapy were reviewed retrospectively to identify patients with necrosis.
ResultsTwelve of 290 patients (4.1 per cent) developed radiotherapy necrosis at a median interval of 4.5 months. There was no significant difference in baseline demographic (age, gender), disease (primary site, stage) and treatment characteristics (radiotherapy technique, total dose, fractionation) of patients developing radiotherapy necrosis versus those without necrosis. Initial management included antibiotics or anti-inflammatory agents, tissue debridement and tracheostomy as appropriate followed by hyperbaric oxygen therapy and resective surgery for persistent symptoms in selected patients.
ConclusionMultidisciplinary management is essential for the prevention, early diagnosis and successful treatment of radiotherapy necrosis of bone, cartilage or cervical soft tissues.
The ASKAP Variables and Slow Transients (VAST) Pilot Survey
- Part of
- Tara Murphy, David L. Kaplan, Adam J. Stewart, Andrew O’Brien, Emil Lenc, Sergio Pintaldi, Joshua Pritchard, Dougal Dobie, Archibald Fox, James K. Leung, Tao An, Martin E. Bell, Jess W. Broderick, Shami Chatterjee, Shi Dai, Daniele d’Antonio, Gerry Doyle, B. M. Gaensler, George Heald, Assaf Horesh, Megan L. Jones, David McConnell, Vanessa A. Moss, Wasim Raja, Gavin Ramsay, Stuart Ryder, Elaine M. Sadler, Gregory R. Sivakoff, Yuanming Wang, Ziteng Wang, Michael S. Wheatland, Matthew Whiting, James R. Allison, C. S. Anderson, Lewis Ball, K. Bannister, D. C.-J. Bock, R. Bolton, J. D. Bunton, R. Chekkala, A. P Chippendale, F. R. Cooray, N. Gupta, D. B. Hayman, K. Jeganathan, B. Koribalski, K. Lee-Waddell, Elizabeth K. Mahony, J. Marvil, N. M. McClure-Griffiths, P. Mirtschin, A. Ng, S. Pearce, C. Phillips, M. A. Voronkov
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- Journal:
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 38 / 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 October 2021, e054
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The Variables and Slow Transients Survey (VAST) on the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) is designed to detect highly variable and transient radio sources on timescales from 5 s to $\sim\!5$ yr. In this paper, we present the survey description, observation strategy and initial results from the VAST Phase I Pilot Survey. This pilot survey consists of $\sim\!162$ h of observations conducted at a central frequency of 888 MHz between 2019 August and 2020 August, with a typical rms sensitivity of $0.24\ \mathrm{mJy\ beam}^{-1}$ and angular resolution of $12-20$ arcseconds. There are 113 fields, each of which was observed for 12 min integration time, with between 5 and 13 repeats, with cadences between 1 day and 8 months. The total area of the pilot survey footprint is 5 131 square degrees, covering six distinct regions of the sky. An initial search of two of these regions, totalling 1 646 square degrees, revealed 28 highly variable and/or transient sources. Seven of these are known pulsars, including the millisecond pulsar J2039–5617. Another seven are stars, four of which have no previously reported radio detection (SCR J0533–4257, LEHPM 2-783, UCAC3 89–412162 and 2MASS J22414436–6119311). Of the remaining 14 sources, two are active galactic nuclei, six are associated with galaxies and the other six have no multi-wavelength counterparts and are yet to be identified.
Psychosocial stress and immunosuppression in cancer: what can we learn from new research?
- Anurag K. Singh, Udit Chatterjee, Cameron R. MacDonald, Elizabeth A. Repasky, Uriel Halbreich
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- Journal:
- BJPsych Advances / Volume 27 / Issue 3 / May 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 April 2021, pp. 187-197
- Print publication:
- May 2021
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It is generally believed that the physiological consequences of stress could contribute to poor outcomes for patients being treated for cancer. However, despite preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting that stress promotes increased cancer-related mortality, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms involved in mediating these effects does not yet exist. We reviewed 47 clinical studies published between 2007 and 2020 to determine whether psychosocial stress affects clinical outcomes in cancer: 6.4% of studies showed a protective effect; 44.6% showed a harmful effect; 48.9% showed no association. These data suggest that psychosocial stress could affect cancer incidence and/or mortality, but the association is unclear. To shed light on this potentially important relationship, objective biomarkers of stress are needed to more accurately evaluate levels of stress and its downstream effects. As a potential candidate, the neuroendocrine signalling pathways initiated by stress are known to affect anti-tumour immune cells, and here we summarise how this may promote an immunosuppressive, pro-tumour microenvironment. Further research must be done to understand the relationships between stress and immunity to more accurately measure how stress affects cancer progression and outcome.
Neutron Star Extreme Matter Observatory: A kilohertz-band gravitational-wave detector in the global network
- Part of
- K. Ackley, V. B. Adya, P. Agrawal, P. Altin, G. Ashton, M. Bailes, E. Baltinas, A. Barbuio, D. Beniwal, C. Blair, D. Blair, G. N. Bolingbroke, V. Bossilkov, S. Shachar Boublil, D. D. Brown, B. J. Burridge, J. Calderon Bustillo, J. Cameron, H. Tuong Cao, J. B. Carlin, S. Chang, P. Charlton, C. Chatterjee, D. Chattopadhyay, X. Chen, J. Chi, J. Chow, Q. Chu, A. Ciobanu, T. Clarke, P. Clearwater, J. Cooke, D. Coward, H. Crisp, R. J. Dattatri, A. T. Deller, D. A. Dobie, L. Dunn, P. J. Easter, J. Eichholz, R. Evans, C. Flynn, G. Foran, P. Forsyth, Y. Gai, S. Galaudage, D. K. Galloway, B. Gendre, B. Goncharov, S. Goode, D. Gozzard, B. Grace, A. W. Graham, A. Heger, F. Hernandez Vivanco, R. Hirai, N. A. Holland, Z. J. Holmes, E. Howard, E. Howell, G. Howitt, M. T. Hübner, J. Hurley, C. Ingram, V. Jaberian Hamedan, K. Jenner, L. Ju, D. P. Kapasi, T. Kaur, N. Kijbunchoo, M. Kovalam, R. Kumar Choudhary, P. D. Lasky, M. Y. M. Lau, J. Leung, J. Liu, K. Loh, A. Mailvagan, I. Mandel, J. J. McCann, D. E. McClelland, K. McKenzie, D. McManus, T. McRae, A. Melatos, P. Meyers, H. Middleton, M. T. Miles, M. Millhouse, Y. Lun Mong, B. Mueller, J. Munch, J. Musiov, S. Muusse, R. S. Nathan, Y. Naveh, C. Neijssel, B. Neil, S. W. S. Ng, V. Oloworaran, D. J. Ottaway, M. Page, J. Pan, M. Pathak, E. Payne, J. Powell, J. Pritchard, E. Puckridge, A. Raidani, V. Rallabhandi, D. Reardon, J. A. Riley, L. Roberts, I. M. Romero-Shaw, T. J. Roocke, G. Rowell, N. Sahu, N. Sarin, L. Sarre, H. Sattari, M. Schiworski, S. M. Scott, R. Sengar, D. Shaddock, R. Shannon, J. SHI, P. Sibley, B. J. J. Slagmolen, T. Slaven-Blair, R. J. E. Smith, J. Spollard, L. Steed, L. Strang, H. Sun, A. Sunderland, S. Suvorova, C. Talbot, E. Thrane, D. Töyrä, P. Trahanas, A. Vajpeyi, J. V. van Heijningen, A. F. Vargas, P. J. Veitch, A. Vigna-Gomez, A. Wade, K. Walker, Z. Wang, R. L. Ward, K. Ward, S. Webb, L. Wen, K. Wette, R. Wilcox, J. Winterflood, C. Wolf, B. Wu, M. Jet Yap, Z. You, H. Yu, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, C. Zhao, X. Zhu
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- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 37 / 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 November 2020, e047
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Gravitational waves from coalescing neutron stars encode information about nuclear matter at extreme densities, inaccessible by laboratory experiments. The late inspiral is influenced by the presence of tides, which depend on the neutron star equation of state. Neutron star mergers are expected to often produce rapidly rotating remnant neutron stars that emit gravitational waves. These will provide clues to the extremely hot post-merger environment. This signature of nuclear matter in gravitational waves contains most information in the 2–4 kHz frequency band, which is outside of the most sensitive band of current detectors. We present the design concept and science case for a Neutron Star Extreme Matter Observatory (NEMO): a gravitational-wave interferometer optimised to study nuclear physics with merging neutron stars. The concept uses high-circulating laser power, quantum squeezing, and a detector topology specifically designed to achieve the high-frequency sensitivity necessary to probe nuclear matter using gravitational waves. Above 1 kHz, the proposed strain sensitivity is comparable to full third-generation detectors at a fraction of the cost. Such sensitivity changes expected event rates for detection of post-merger remnants from approximately one per few decades with two A+ detectors to a few per year and potentially allow for the first gravitational-wave observations of supernovae, isolated neutron stars, and other exotica.
Nucleation of Metal Nanoparticles on Amorphous Substrate: Insights into Orientation Preference and Heterogeneous Catalysis
- Dipanwita Chatterjee, R. Akash, K. Kamalnath, Rafia Ahmad, Abhishek Singh, N. Ravishankar
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 23 / Issue S1 / July 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 04 August 2017, pp. 2038-2039
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- July 2017
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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
- Print publication:
- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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- By DAVID BELL, DAVID CARR, ANJAN CHATTERJEE, GERALD C. CUPCHIK, ADRIAN FURNHAM, GERNOT GERGER, THALIA R. GOLDSTEIN, GERARDO GÓMEZ-PUERTO, PAUL HEKKERT, JAMES C. KAUFMAN, STEFAN KOELSCH, AARON KOZBELT, HELMUT LEDER, ANDRÉA LIVI SMITH, PAUL J. LOCHER, PHD, PAVEL MACHOTKA, STEFANO MASTANDREA, CHRIS MCMANUS, MARCOS NADAL, EMILY C. NUSBAUM, E. GLENN SCHELLENBERG, W. P. SEELEY, PAUL J. SILVIA, JEFFREY K. SMITH, LISA F. SMITH, KATHARINA STÖVER, VIREN SWAMI, SWATHI SWAMINATHAN, PABLO P. L. TINIO, OSHIN VARTANIAN, REBECCA YASSKIN
- Edited by Pablo P. L. Tinio, Montclair State University, New Jersey, Jeffrey K. Smith, University of Otago, New Zealand
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- The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Aesthetics and the Arts
- Published online:
- 05 March 2015
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- 30 October 2014, pp xvii-xxvi
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Science with the Murchison Widefield Array
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- Judd D. Bowman, Iver Cairns, David L. Kaplan, Tara Murphy, Divya Oberoi, Lister Staveley-Smith, Wayne Arcus, David G. Barnes, Gianni Bernardi, Frank H. Briggs, Shea Brown, John D. Bunton, Adam J. Burgasser, Roger J. Cappallo, Shami Chatterjee, Brian E. Corey, Anthea Coster, Avinash Deshpande, Ludi deSouza, David Emrich, Philip Erickson, Robert F. Goeke, B. M. Gaensler, Lincoln J. Greenhill, Lisa Harvey-Smith, Bryna J. Hazelton, David Herne, Jacqueline N. Hewitt, Melanie Johnston-Hollitt, Justin C. Kasper, Barton B. Kincaid, Ronald Koenig, Eric Kratzenberg, Colin J. Lonsdale, Mervyn J. Lynch, Lynn D. Matthews, S. Russell McWhirter, Daniel A. Mitchell, Miguel F. Morales, Edward H. Morgan, Stephen M. Ord, Joseph Pathikulangara, Thiagaraj Prabu, Ronald A. Remillard, Timothy Robishaw, Alan E. E. Rogers, Anish A. Roshi, Joseph E. Salah, Robert J. Sault, N. Udaya Shankar, K. S. Srivani, Jamie B. Stevens, Ravi Subrahmanyan, Steven J. Tingay, Randall B. Wayth, Mark Waterson, Rachel L. Webster, Alan R. Whitney, Andrew J. Williams, Christopher L. Williams, J. Stuart B. Wyithe
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- Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia / Volume 30 / 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2013, e031
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Significant new opportunities for astrophysics and cosmology have been identified at low radio frequencies. The Murchison Widefield Array is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency. The telescope will enable new advances along four key science themes, including searching for redshifted 21-cm emission from the EoR in the early Universe; Galactic and extragalactic all-sky southern hemisphere surveys; time-domain astrophysics; and solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric science and space weather. The Murchison Widefield Array is located in Western Australia at the site of the planned Square Kilometre Array (SKA) low-band telescope and is the only low-frequency SKA precursor facility. In this paper, we review the performance properties of the Murchison Widefield Array and describe its primary scientific objectives.
Contents
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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- Econophysics of Income and Wealth Distributions
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- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp v-vi
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2 - Income and wealth distribution data for different countries
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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- Econophysics of Income and Wealth Distributions
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- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp 7-34
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Summary
Investigations over more than a century and the recent availability of electronic databases of income and wealth distribution (ranging from a national sample survey of household assets to the income tax return data available from governmental agencies) have revealed some remarkable features. Irrespective of many differences in culture, history, social structure, indicators of relative prosperity (such as gross domestic product or infant mortality) and, to some extent, the economic policies followed in different countries, the income distribution seems to follow a particular universal pattern, as does the wealth distribution: after an initial rise, the number density of people rapidly decays with their income, the bulk described by a Gibbs or log-normal distribution crossing over at the very high income range (for 5–10% of the richest members of the population) to a power law, as shown in Fig. 1.1. The power law in income and wealth distribution is called the Pareto law, after the Italian sociologist and economist Vilfredo Pareto. The log-normal part is named as the Gibrat law, after the French economist Robert Gibrat. This seems to be a universal feature: from ancient Egyptian society (Abul-Magd 2002) through nineteenth-century Europe (Pareto 1897; Champernowne 1953) to modern Japan (Chatterjee et al. 2005b; Chakrabarti et al. 2006). The same is true across the globe today: from the advanced capitalist economy of USA (Chatterjee et al. 2005b; Kar Gupta 2006a; Richmond et al. 2006) to the developing economy of India (Sinha 2006).
Econophysics of Income and Wealth Distributions
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee
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- Published online:
- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013
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The distribution of wealth and income is never uniform, and philosophers and economists have tried for years to understand the reasons and formulate remedies for such inequalities. This book introduces the elegant and intriguing kinetic exchange models that physicists have developed to tackle these issues. This is the first monograph in econophysics focussed on the analyses and modelling of these distributions, and is ideal for physicists and economists. It is written in simple, lucid language, with plenty of illustrations and in-depth analyses, making it suitable for researchers new to this field as well as specialized readers. It explores the origin of economic inequality and examines the scientific steps that can be taken to reduce this inequality in the future.
6 - Microeconomic foundation of the kinetic exchange models
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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- Econophysics of Income and Wealth Distributions
- Published online:
- 05 May 2013
- Print publication:
- 07 March 2013, pp 150-167
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Summary
In the earlier chapters, we introduced kinetic exchange models and discussed the mathematics behind them. However, one major point that is missing in the earlier discussions is the choice behaviour of the agents. The outcomes of the stochastic process do not reflect any optimization mechanism on the part of the agents. In this chapter, we will provide a simple economic model which intends to capture the basic features of the kinetic exchange models. We start with some usual assumptions regarding the preference pattern of the agents and the market mechanism. Eventually, it will be shown that the outcomes are exactly the same as those obtained in the kinetic exchange models, thus providing an elementary (but non-unique) way of interpreting the stochastic money evolution equations in economic terms. After that, we will discuss the dynamic features of the asset distribution in the economy if it has time-varying macroeconomic variables. To be precise, we will discuss a possibility of inequality reversal (as has been postulated and discussed in Kuznets (1955, 1965) and Angle (2010)) in the same framework.
Derivation of the basic kinetic exchange model
Following Chakrabarti and Chakrabarti (2009), we consider an N-agent exchange economy in discrete time. At every point of time, exactly two agents are randomly chosen from the pool of N agents, i.e. each agent has equal probability of being chosen for trade. The exact trading mechanism is described below. After they trade, the agents part and leave the market. In the next period again two agents are chosen for trade and the same process is repeated until the distribution of their assets reaches a steady state.
Index
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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7 - Dynamics: generation of income, inequality and development
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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Summary
In some of the earlier chapters, we have presented in detail the models which have been inspired from physical theories. In the last chapter, we presented a simple economic model which intends to capture the basic features of the kinetic exchange models. The objective of this chapter is to present analytical discussions on stochastic and related economic models of the distribution of income and wealth.
The economic significance
In order to get an idea about the distributional effects of a particular economic policy it often becomes necessary to have information on the distribution of income. Also inequality based on distribution of income has important effects on development, social outcomes and public finance. The shape of the income distribution in a country enables the policy-makers to get an idea about the amount of tax collection. For instance, in Germany 50.6% (19.7%) of the entire income tax is paid by the top 10% (1%) of the taxpayers (see Merz et al. 2005).
There are economic and non-economic reasons for separate study of the distribution of wealth that cannot be interpreted as human capital, such as educational background. Examples of wealth of this type are financial assets and real properties. Unlike human capital they can be traded in appropriate markets at the time of necessity; for instance, when the flow of regular income reduces (after retirement) and when consumption is likely to increase with an increase in family size. Precautionary motive for saving is also regarded as a major reason for accumulation of wealth. Wealth accumulation is often taken as an indicator of social status. Wealth may be retained as well for the purpose of bequests.
1 - Introduction
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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Summary
Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
Where wealth accumulates, and men decay.
Oliver Goldsmith, Anglo-Irish writer (1730–74)It would be difficult to find any society or country where income or wealth is equally distributed among its people. Socioeconomic inequality is not limited to modern times; it has been a persistent fact, and a constant source of irritation to most, since time immemorial.
The issue of inequality in terms of income and wealth is perhaps the most fiercely debated subject in economics. Economists and philosophers have spent much time on the normative aspects of this problem (Rawls 1971; Scruton 1985; Sen 1999; Foucault 2003). The direct and indirect effects of inequality on society have also been studied extensively. In particular, the effects of inequality on the growth of the economy (Benabou 1994; Aghion et al. 1999; Barro 1999; Forbes 2000) and on the econopolitical scenario (Blau and Blau 1982; Alesina and Rodrik 1992; Alesina and Perotti 1996; Benabou 2000) have attracted major attention. Relatively less emphasis has been put on the sources of the problem itself. There are several nontrivial issues and open questions related to this observation: How are income and wealth distributed? What are the forms of the distributions? Are they universal, or do they depend upon specific conditions of a country? Perhaps the most important question is: if inequality is universal (as some of its gross features indicate), then what is the reason for such universality?
4 - Market exchanges and scattering process
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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References
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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Preface
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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An imbalance between rich and poor is the oldest and most fatal ailment of all republics.
Plutarch, ancient Greek biographer (c. 46–120 CE)Why does this imbalance exist in the first place? Why are a few rich and many poor? For centuries we have borne the effects of this inequality. We know neither the cause nor the solution to this elusive problem. From philosophers to economists, many have vehemently tried for ages to understand the reasons and formulate remedies for such inequalities. No doubt, great efforts have been made to tackle this multifaceted problem, but the situation has been analogous to fighting the Greek mythological monster Hydra, who grows two heads in place of an injured one. Overcoming this problem, indeed, seems to be a Herculean task!
Heraclitus said, ‘change is the only constant’. Putting our faith in him, one might have expected things to change drastically, and the inequality to even disappear at some point in time! Strangely, this has not been the case. We find that inequality has been a universal and robust phenomenon – not bound by either time or geography. Fortunately for scholars, it has a few statistical regularities, most of which have been recorded in the past 115 years or so. Owing to the seminal works of Pareto (1897) and Gibrat (1931), one can now identify certain regularities in the income and wealth distributions over a wide range of societies and time periods. Physicists have come up with some very elegant and intriguing kinetic exchange models in recent times to shed some light on these observations. Our intention is to describe these developments in this book.
5 - Analytic structure of the kinetic exchange market models
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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Summary
The kinetic exchange models of markets provide a simplified – perhaps oversimplified – picture of the exchange mechanism that takes place in a real market. However, the simple, “toy model” paradigm also offers interesting grounds for possible analytic formulation, compared with real markets where the dynamics involve plenty of parameters and involve complex evolution that render them intractable and incomprehensible.
In this chapter we will discuss in detail some of the simple and intuitive frameworks developed to understand the qualitative, and sometimes even the quantitative, aspects of simple kinetic exchange models discussed in the previous chapters. Most of our discussions will include the CC (Chakraborti and Chakrabarti 2000) and the CCM (Chatterjee et al. 2004) models, and some of their important variants, which are easy to handle analytically, or in cases where their solutions can be argued intuitively.
Analytic results for the CC model
The earliest attempt to understand the CC model analytically (Das and Yarla–gadda 2003) assumes that, independent of the initial conditions, the system evolves to an equilibrium distribution after a suficiently long time. Thus, in the steady state, the joint probability that, before interaction, money of i lies between x and x + dx and that of j lies between z and z + dz is f(x)dxf(z)dz.Since each interaction conserves total money, let L = x + z.
8 - Outlook
- Bikas K. Chakrabarti, Anirban Chakraborti, Satya R. Chakravarty, Arnab Chatterjee, Aalto University, Finland
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Any city, however small, is in fact divided into two, one the city of the
poor, the other of the rich; these are at war with one another.
Plato, ancient Greek philosopher (427–347 BC)Throughout the recorded history of human civilization, we have witnessed the bitter outcomes of economic inequality – social tensions, conflicts, etc. This incessant problem has been addressed by some of the greatest thinkers, philosophers and social scientists, including economists. Questions on the nature of the distributions of wealth and income have been raised repeatedly. More so, during or just after periods of crisis, wars and social calamities. In this book, we have tried to present a new interdisciplinary approach in analysing and dealing with the age-old problem of economic inequality in the societies. This paradigmatic shift has been possible owing to the combined efforts of economists, mathematicians and physicists (Cockshott et al. 2009; Sinha et al. 2010).
Noting that this inequality has a very robust and universal statistical form (discussed extensively in the first two chapters of this book), and the fact that some core human ability factors, such as the intelligence quotient or health factors, are distributed according to the normal (or Poisson, at times) distribution, a natural question to ask is why are the distributions in wealth and income so different from the normal? Why do they have such broad distributions, and with ubiquitous power law tails? The very fact that these distributions have such different characteristics (and are universally observed) indicates that there must be a deeper cause (and a common underlying mechanism).